Try at your own risk -
Take the positive cable off the battery and see how the door lock operates.
Might have to reset clock and radio - but might answer your question unless someone on here has a question.
I don't think it is a capacitator at all - but rather as you rotate the key in the lock to lock/unlock it hits a switch that then hits then does it for you. It makes it feel seamless. When there is no power, switch won't work but rotating of the tumbler will lock/unlock a door.
Thinking about this from a liability stand point I can't imagine a manufacturer not allowing doors to lock/unlock without the aid of a battery. Imagine this - dog left in hot car - windows up, battery dead and no one around to jump it - also can't wait 2+ hours for VW roadside assistance because doors won't unlock. Two options - 1) person waits, dog dies - person sues VW because doors wouldn't unlock, and had there been a manual lock it would hve been a problem (of course, person shouldn't have left car in hot sun with windows up. 2) person finds something to smash out a window - person files a claim for damage to car with VW because again if the door could have been unlocked manually window wouldn't have to be smashed out.
Maybe I am way off base here, and like I said I don't know how the door locks work with key - but I just can't see it as something that wouldn't be worked manually or as a one time deal.
(also, said person would have more than just two options, just trying to shorten it.)