If you look back at the history of emissions in diesel engines in Europe vs the united states, it's fairly clear why they never gained major acceptance in the USA. They (diesel engines) were often given preferable emission laws that were more lax then what gas engines had to meet. It wasn't till the late 90's (ish) that the eu started getting serious about emissions in diesels. They never really had a large market share in the USA because our standards were a lot tighter, and the perception of dirty, noisy diesels was never really put to rest.
Actually a fairly good video on the topic.