How are they taller? Both are 45s. Maybe a bit because of the wider section width, but it can't be much.
It is true it isn't much taller, but the 235/45/17 is definitely taller than the 225/45/17. You can actually see it on the car, that there is a little more sidewall on the tire and a little less gap under the fender lip. I'd say it is a subtle but noticeable difference in appearance and in ride characteristics, although the quality of the tire, the type of tire, and the pressure are all probably bigger factors for the ride characteristics.
Based on the Tirerack measurements
225/45/17 - Diameter: 25.0", Revs Per Mile: 833
235/45/17 - Diameter: 25.4", Revs Per Mile: 821
So, 0.2 inches taller sidewall.
or by Aspect ratio (% tread width)
225 x 0.45 = 101.25 mm
235 x 0.45 = 105.75 mm
105.75 - 101.25 = 4.5 mm
4.5 mm = 0.18 inches taller sidewall
Or you could say the sidewall of the 235 is 4.4% taller than the 225.
How are they taller? Both are 45s. Maybe a bit because of the wider section width, but it can't be much.
But I agree with you on lower pressures. My 300D says run 27/29 with the 15s, and increase them for sustained speeds over 100 MPH. My '02 wagon has recommended pressures of 27/29 as well, 34/44 fully loaded. But it's a lighter car with 65 series tires, not 45s.
Honestly, if we still got different pressure recommendations for different conditions I suspect normal load and normal speed might be 32 psi in the Golf. But if someone wants to run higher psi, good for them. I guess it does help a little with mpg. I just didn't like the ride and I think they were noisier too at the higher pressure.
I run 32/34 in the M-B which is rarely fully loaded, and certainly doesn't spend any time at over 100 MPH, and 36/34 in the wagon.
I ran my E320 at 29 or 30 psi and I also upgraded to 16" wheels with 205/55/16 tires on that car. The E320 was quite a bit heavier than the Golf too, so I think I'm fine. I did think about it a little when I had the 225/45/17 Contis when I'd encounter some kind of road imperfection, but I don't give it a second thought now with my bigger tires.