In California, the Air Resources Board (ARB) has regulated an additional requirement.
All diesel fuel sold in this state must have an aromatics content of 10 mass percent or
less. Alternatively, a fuel supplier can test and certify a fuel with higher aromatics level, if
emissions are equivalent to those of a specific reference fuel with a 10 mass percent aromatics
level. In that case, other fuel properties (cetane number, sulfur, nitrogen, aromatics, and
polynuclear aromatics) are recorded. Fuel marketed under this certification must be within
the recorded limits of these five properties......
California: A Special Case
Because of its unique diesel fuel regulations, California is a special case. California
regulations restrict the aromatics content of diesel fuel in order to reduce emissions.
The regulations can be met with either a low aromatics diesel (LAD), having less than
10 wt% aromatics, or with an alternative low aromatics diesel (ALAD) formulation that
gives an equivalent reduction in emissions. Many of these ALAD formulations use cetane
number improvers to help achieve the necessary emissions reduction. As a result, a
significant percentage of the diesel fuel now sold in California contains some cetane
number improver.
Reducing diesel aromatic content to 10 wt% requires more severe hydrotreating than
reducing sulfur content. As a result of this severe hydrotreating (which removes the
molecules responsible for boundary lubrication), the lubricity of some LAD may be low,
and some suppliers may treat the fuel with a lubricity additive. The ASTM D 975 diesel
fuel specification requires a minimum level of lubricity for all diesel fuels. The lubricity
specification states that all diesel fuels must have sufficient lubricity to produce a wear
scar diameter no larger than 520 microns using the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
(HFRR, ASTM D 6079).