I am not a master or even necessarily good VW mechanic, but the following are my contributions and suggestions.
The ASV gears and operation should be examined. The plastic parts are crappy and it may not work as advertised.
Perhaps the turbo control vanes are intermittently sticking. I don't know what to do about it if they are.
The ECM does not seem either to measure vacuum or throw codes that specifically point to vacuum problems. I have had several mystery problems solved that turned out to be vacuum line or component related. I think it is relatively easy to check all the vacuum lines and components to verify they are working correctly.
There are also probably VAG readings that could lead to identifying the issues, but since there seems to be such a bewildering array of them and VW has not been the least bit helpful by explaining how to interpret any of them. There are many threads in this group's posts that are helpful in interpreting them however.
When you fix it, please post whatever you eventually find to be the solution.