In addition to weak consumer-protection laws, the article fails to mention the other major reason VW escaped significant financial penalties from selling 8 million "cheating" diesels in Europe: besides Germany, VW and its subsidiaries have factories in Belgium, Czechia, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden, and the UK. Some of those factories support entire cities. Any cost to VW on par with the $25B for a half-million diesels sold in the US could have resulted in many of those factories closing. There was little political will to prosecute VW to the maximum extent possible, even under European law.